Inspections and Information Disclosure： Quality Regulations with Incomplete Enforcement

The weak enforcement and monitoring systems employed in China （e.g., insufficient inspection resources and negligible fines for noncompliance） are widely blamed for the growing unrest over food safety in the country. Given this development, we consider a model where quality inspection performed by agencies is a means of disclosing information on product quality. We analyze the price-quality equilibrium scheme and show that a higher probability of inspection leads to lower price premiums attached to qualified products. We further investigate the welfare effect of minimum quality standards and inspection efforts and show that they should be complementary. We finally suggest that a state dependent inspection strategy, such as not inspecting those firms that have previously been found to be noncompliant, will enhance social welfare.     

Cost-effectiveness analysis of utidelone plus capecitabine for metastatic breast cancer in China

Abstract

Objective: To estimate the cost-effectiveness of utidelone plus capecitabine therapy compared to capecitabine alone in patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) resistant to anthracyclines and taxanes treatment in the Chinese context and provide a reference for the marketing of utidelone in China.

Methods: A Markov model was developed based on the NCT02253459 clinical trial to simulate the clinical course of patients with metastatic breast cancer who had received taxanes and anthracycline therapy. The quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and Incremental Cost Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) were then analyzed to evaluate the benefits. Two-parametric Weibull distribution was conducted to fit PFS and OS curves by using R. Sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate the stability of the model designed.

Results: The addition of utidelone increased the cost and QALYs by $13,370.25 and 0.1961, respectively, resulting in an increased ICER of $68,180.78 per QALY. The most sensitive influential parameter on ICER was the price of utidelone. At the threshold of willingness-to-pay (WTP) of $24,380 (3 per capita GDP of China), the cost of utidelone per 30?mg of less than $18.5, $33.7, and greater than $48.8 resulted in a 100%, 50%, and 0% possibility of cost-effectiveness, respectively. The addition of utidelone was not cost-effective when it was $115.4 per 30?mg—the price of its analog paclitaxel. In consideration of varied economics levels across China, cost-effectiveness could be achieved with the price of utidelone ranging from $5.2 to $35.9.

Limitations: The survival curves extended beyond the follow-up time horizon, of which data were generated not from the real analyses but from our established two-parameter Weibull survival model.

Conclusion: It is recommended that the price of utidelone would be less than $18.5 per 30?mg in order to obtain cost-effectiveness for metastatic breast cancer patients resistant to anthracyclines and taxanes treatment in China.     

海岛地区一、二、三产业融合水平研究*——以海南岛北部4市（县）为例

［目的］一、二、三产业融合发展是农业现代化进程中自发演化的重要形式，是破解我国小农户需求与大市场需求矛盾的重要武器，探究海南岛一、二、三产业融合发展的状况，对于推进海南岛农业和农村经济结构调整，农业产业化经营具有一定的借鉴意义。［方法］文章构建了三产融合度测度模型，运用1998—2017年海南岛北部4市的数据测度了海南岛一、二、三产业融合发展的具体水平。［结果］海南岛北部4市的一、二、三产业融合处于高度融合阶段，呈现了良好发展的态势，但是各子系统间协调性较差。从地区差异来看，海口三产融和水平和增长速度均处于领先地位，文昌和澄迈的三产融合水平和增长速度基本同步，在波动中稳步增长，定安的三产融合水平和增长速度处于最低状态。从融合路径来看，二、三产业融合的程度略深于一、二产业的融合程度，一、二产业融合的程度略深于一、三产业的融合程度。［结论］海南岛北部4市的产业融合发展仍有很大的进步空间，在今后的发展中，需要注重融合机制体制的顶层设计，破除多部门协作的制度壁垒，在尊重地区差异的基础上，追求“多规合一”，促进各区域间的协调发展，力争补足农业产业化发展的短板。     

Firm location,political geography and environmental information disclosure

As the subjective and objective factors that influence corporate behaviours, political region and firm location are of great importance to environmental information disclosure (EID). With spatial and political geography as a research perspective, this article makes a study by using the samples of manufacturing listed companies from 2009 to 2011. As a result, we determine that regulatory distance and political geography had negative effects on EID, while political geography weakens regulatory distance’s function. After considering an enterprise’s administrative rank, we determined that when the rank is higher, regulatory distance has negative effects on EID; when the rank is lower, the effects are the opposite. Regarding political geography, it always weakened the regulatory distance’s function. Moreover, the effects are significant only when the enterprises had low governmental regulation. The study shows the effects that firm location and political geography have made on EID. At the same time, this study also gives theoretical and empirical evidence to the necessity of raising governmental regulatory effectiveness.     

中国经济升级版的评价指标体系构建、测度与阶段甄别

改革开放以来，中国经济取得了举世瞩目的成绩，而随之引起的弊端也日益凸显，经济转型和经济升级成为刻不容缓的任务之一。本文选取1995～2014年中国20年间的统计数据，利用层次分析法，从人民幸福感程度、结构优化程度、可持续发展能力、外向型经济、创新驱动能力方面考察中国经济阶段性特征，再运用系统聚类分析，进一步探索出中国在这20年间历经的经济升级状况及发展趋势，最后提出中国经济再次升级的动力源泉在于提高民生保障水平、科技创新、绿色产业、发展服务业、构建全方位开放新格局。     

中国影子银行发展趋势与展望

在多角度界定影子银行的基础上,总结中国影子银行的主要特征,即处于初期发展阶段、杠杆率相对较低、主体独立性低、金融创新活跃地带。从欧美国家影子银行发展实践来看,中国影子银行是金融体制过渡性的产物,代表了未来金融创新的方向,其发展趋势主要包括：业务发展：由银行表外业务向资产证券化业务转变;运作模式：由＂一对一＂对接向＂多对多＂对接转变;融资结构：由非标债权融资向标准化债权融资转变;体系构成：由商业银行为主向非银行金融机构为主转变;监管动向：由机构监管向机构监管与功能监管相结合转变。     

The evolution of competition in innovation resource: a theoretical study based on Lotka–Volterra model

This research uses the Lotka–Volterra model to analyse the competition of innovation resource between two enterprises and studies the dynamic effects of environmental changes through the change of model parameters. The research finds that there are three possible results of the competition in innovation resource. That comprises ‘crowding out effect’, ‘unstable equilibrium’ and ‘stable equilibrium’. The results of competitive evolution are determined by enterprises’ interaction parameters. However, the natural growth rates, the initial resource possessions of both enterprises and the amount of regional innovation resource have a significant impact on the evolution of competition.     

Earthquake triggered networked risk and response: based on relevant literature

Death, injury, conflict, and disorder caused by natural and man-made disasters have resulted in significant challenges to good governance and impeded the goal of achieving the benign development of society. This paper uses a particular method for analyzing the research situation and identifying current trends and focuses. It then proceeds to explore future research needs. The study finds that future researchers will shift their emphasis from the risks caused by natural disasters to those arising from man-made disasters; meanwhile, the study will consider the complex systems of interaction to understand causality. The objectives of management, hence, should change from investigating the impacts of risks to crisis control. Eventually, an evolutionary disaster-based social-risk framework is established, and some suggestions for future research are provided.     

论中职教师到企业实践进修难点——从中职教师到企业实践进修的难点看建立专业工作室的必要性

文章通过对当前中职院校教师轮训的现状分析探讨其中存在的问题,提出成立专业工作室来解决教师实践的有效策略。     

陕北地区土地利用及景观格局变化对生态服务价值的影响*——基于退耕还林（草）背景

［目的］通过揭示退耕还林（草）工程背景下陕北地区近25年生态系统服务价值的演变规律，旨在为陕北地区的土地利用规划及新一轮退耕还林（草）政策的推进提供参考。［方法］以生态环境脆弱的陕北地区为研究对象，基于1990年、2000年、2015年3期的土地利用变化数据，以退耕还林（草）政策的实施为节点，利用土地转移矩阵、景观格局指数、生态服务价值损益表等方法对陕北地区的土地利用情况、景观格局演变以及生态服务价值的变化进行分析，借助相关性系数对土地利用类型、景观格局及生态服务价值之间的关系进行了定量研究。［结果］（1）草地、耕地和林地是陕北地区最主要的土地利用类型，耕地面积减少，林草地面积持续增加且增速加快。（2）近25年，陕北地区景观格局的连接性和通达性降低，景观格局主要呈破碎化发展趋势。研究区各景观类型的破碎化程度增大，空间异质性增加，草地是该地区的优势景观类型。（3）陕北地区1990年、2000年和2015年各类生态系统提供的总生态服务价值分别为38919亿元、39431亿元和40622亿元，退耕还林（草）前年均增长率为1396%，退耕还林（草）后这一比率增加至5622%。［结论］受退耕还林（草）政策的影响，陕北地区土地利用类型和土地景观格局的变化均对生态系统服务价值有显著的影响，但是不同的景观指数对生态系统服务价值的影响程度和趋势不同，水域和林草地面积对生态系统服务价值呈正相关，未利用地和城乡建设用地面积对生态系统服务价值呈负相关。